分析和研究近年來國外各類醫學刊物上的論文雖然研究項目、闡述內容以及推導結論等均有所不同但是在撰寫的方法上卻有其自身的特點和格式。觀察結果表明:所采用的格式有漸趨近似之傾向。其排列的項目和順序通常為:(1)title(2)AB-STRACT(3)INTRODUCTION(4)METHODSorEQUIPMENTAND TEST(EXPERIMENT)PROCE-DURE(5)RESULTS AND DISCUSSION(6)CONCLUSIONS(SUMMARY)(7)ACKNOWL-EDGEMENTS(8)REFERENCES。筆者認為:了解、熟悉并掌握運用這些特點及其編寫格式無論對閱讀和撰寫英語論文捕捉論著的原意還是中英互譯等均具有頗為重要的應用價值特別是對撰寫醫學論文具有一定的指導意義。
1、title標題
既然是標題不言而喻就要力求新穎、簡明、扼要例如以下幾個例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain控制癌腫疼痛方法的進展。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自顯影半劑量分析The Higher the Diffusion Ratethe Higher thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane彌散率越高新碘化的Tgb分子與實膜過氧物酶部位所接觸的機會越多。
有些雜志某些作者除采用正標題之外還采用副標題這種情況在國外刊物上的各類論文中可謂俯拾即是。采用副標題一般是在正標題過于簡單、籠統的情況下起到補充和系統說明正題等的作用或是要強調某一個方面或幾個方面以其引起讀者注意等等。Ultra-Low-Volume Administration:SystemsEvaluation and Date Analysis超低量用藥一系列評價和數據分析(補充正題)。Medical News:Adjuvant Chemotherapy Works forBreast Cancer with Involved Nodes醫學新聞:輔助性化學療法對伴有淋巴結轉移的乳腺癌奏效(說明上題)。Unresolved Issue:Do Smokers Catch Less LungCancer?尚未解決的問題:吸煙者患肺癌少嗎?(提醒人們注意吸煙者患肺癌的數量增加)。
有時為了避免標題太長而使用縮寫詞。Effect of LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)長效甲狀腺刺激素和長效甲狀腺刺激素保護物對人體甲狀腺甙酸環化酶活性的作用。考慮文章較長可在統一的標題下用不同的副標題分成若干相對獨立的篇章。例如:Factors Influ-encing one's Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness影響個人對慢性疾病適應能力的因素(1)CARE保健;(2)TECHNOLOGY技術學;(3)FAMILY RELATION-SHIPS家庭關系;(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL發展水平(研究標準);(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化價值和信仰。
2、ABSTRACT(SUMMARY)摘要、提要
這部分是對整篇文章的高度概括或濃縮故要簡單、明了。常用的詞匯和句型有:Somebody studied(examined investigateddeterminedfoundreportedinterviewedmeasureddocumentedconsideredthough evaluatedobserved…)。運用這些動詞所采用的時態通常是一般過去時和現在完成時。被動語態也屢見不鮮常見有:This study was taken to ex-amine… ;Patients with…were followed up for+時間;It is showed that… ;It is concluded that… ;Indicationswere obtained that… 等。結尾時常用的表達方法有:The results indicate(showstatesuggestdemon-strateconcludeexpress…)that… ;These findingshave special importance in showing that… ;The find-ings have general significance in that… ;This possibilityis strengthening by the observation that… 等等。例:
Enzyme linkel Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)isused to the detection for antibody of anti-thy oglobulinin normal human serumcord serumand amniotic flu-id.The results demonstrate that it seemed to be an cer-tain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic fluidthe highest in cord serum.Antibody is decreasing for anormal level with the grown-up age after birth.It isthus concluded that antibody of anti-thyroglobulin wemeasured may play a certain significance in diagnosis ofcretinism by ELISA.作者采用ELISA對正常人的血清、臍帶血清和羊水中的抗甲狀腺球蛋白抗體進行了測定。其結果有一定規律:抗體在胎生期首先出現分娩時濃度達高峰而后隨年齡增長逐漸降至正常水平。故測定該抗體對地方克汀病之診斷有一定意義。
3、INTRODUCTION引言
本項除課題意義外主要涉獵前人研究情況的評述及本研究的目的后兩者有時分別列出。茲分述如下:
3.1、REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK
以往研究評論還有用其它題目的例如:REVIEW OF LITER-ATURE(文獻評述)LITERATURE CITED(文獻引述)PRIOR RESEARCH(以前的研究)SOMEPAST DESIGNS(過去的某些設計)BACK-GROU-ND(背景材料)等等。而這些資料引文的重點要放在引述與本文有關的以往研究的結果否則會喧賓奪主。句式常有Sb.et al.tested(reportedgavecar-ried out experiment on… ;Sb found(showed…)that… .還有若干不同的其它表達方法寫在下邊:our exper-iments show that… ;The present study was undertakentoidentify… Date are presented that suggest… Ourresults supported… ;The distribution has reported by… ;Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of… ;This article(paper)documents… ;We trace(evi-dence)…This model extends… ;Our findings demon-strate… ;We reasoned that… ;The effect…were evalu-ated by means of… ;The present results add some fur-ther elements to… .A recent study analyzed he effect of aspirin(ASA)on primaryhemostasis in uremiameasuring bleedingtime(BT).It was found that the same dose of ASA pro-longed BT more in uremic that in control subjectssug-gesting platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory-of ASA.This might be due to different ASA pharma-cokinetics and bioavailability that might be influenced bythe uremic condition.新近一項研究分析了乙酰水揚酸對尿毒癥第一期出血的影響測定了出血的時間。我們發現同樣劑量的ASA均可延長出血時間而尿毒癥受驗者比對照受驗者要多。這提示尿毒癥的血小板對ASA的抑制更具敏感性。這可能是由于ASA的藥物動力學和生物可用性不同所致。
3.2、objectIVES目的
這一條還可寫作OBJEC-TIVES OF STUDY(研究的目的)有時OBJEC-TIVES不列在INTRODUCTION之內而獨立列為一項。多采用開門見山直接點出目的方式。常見的用語有:The(major mainoverallbroadprimary…)objectives(purpose goalaim…)of this study(researcharticlepaperprojectexperiment)were(was)… ;The study aims at doing something…。例:The objec-tive of this article was to suggest that pulmonaryimpedance rheograph is one of the methods for differen-tial diagnosis of early pulmonale cor and hyperthyroi-dism。本文的目的在于提示肺阻抗圖是早期肺心病和甲狀腺機能亢進的鑒別診斷方法之一。
4、METHODS or EQUIPMENT AND TEST(EX-PERIMENT)PROCE DURI方法、設備和試驗程序
這一部分內容須視論文的類別而有所不同但就該題目而論則多系試驗研究和技術報告一類。還可以用以下名稱等:TEST AND EQUIPMENT(試驗與設備)MATERIALS AND METHODS(材料及方法)EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(試驗過程)DEscriptION OF EXPERIMENT(試驗描述)或者只寫PROCEEDURE(過程)及METHODS(方法)較常見的句式有:Sb or Sth was(were)tested at… ;Sb or Sth participated in this study;或者The equip-ment which was used(consisted ofconstructed fromfurnished to…by…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a medianage of 46 yearrange 24～69)with chronic renal failure with anuria…參加本研究的有:(a)18例無尿慢性腎衰竭患者其中男性10人女性8人平均年齡為46歲年齡范圍為24～69歲… …。The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete with temperature measuring trans-ducers and recording equipment.所有的試驗裝置由一個配有測溫傳感器和記錄器的小柜組成。
5、RESULTS AND DISCUSSION結果和討論
這個項目是全文的重點其篇幅約占整個文章的一半或三分之二。它將對研究、試驗、觀察等結果加以分析和討論其中包括曲線、圖表和照片等。大都采用分題逐一討論的方法。常用語有:The test(experi-mental)results presented(obtained)show(indicatecon-firm)…that… ;It should be noted that…等。例:Ourresults have shown that T-cell deplection iseffective inthe prevention of acute and chronic GVHD.我們的結果已經說明T細胞缺失對預防GVHD有效。
6、CONCLUSION結論
其它的表達方法還有:SUMMARY AND CON-CLUSIONS(小結及結論)CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS(SUGGESTIONS)(結論與建議)。常用語有:From(On the basis of)… the fol-lowing conclusions can(may)be made(drawnreached)…或者The following recommendations(SUGGES-TIONS…)may be made(PUT FORWARD)…。例:The following recommendations may be made for theimprovement of the method of this kind of operations…對這類手術方法的改進可作下述改進…7ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS感謝。
這項的常用語是:We acknowledge with… ;Thisstudy was supported by… We thank…for… ;Thisstudy was supported grants from…。例:We wish tothank profeor F.J.Kezdy for his valuable suggestionsand discussions.We thank also Mrs.A.Abram for herassistance at the initial stage of this work and MsBe-better wilkerson for typing the manuscript.通常thank和support均可用以人和單位而前者多用于人后者多用于單位。有時在這一項之后還有一行內容:Correspondence should be addresed toL.S.F MRC Cancer Trials officeMedical ResearchCouncil CentreHills RoadCambridge CB22 QH這是表示致函的地點和單位。
8、REFERENCES參考文獻
參考文獻的寫法有多種但都有一定格式。無論采用哪一種前后要一致。眾所周知列出參考文獻是為了查看或查證與文章敘述或引用部分有關的資料。通常的辦法是在論文中的引用部分按出現的先后順序編上號碼。參考文獻要按號碼順序排列。每一條書目要包拓以下幾個內容:作者姓名、書名、出版者和出版年份、頁數等。也可以不按文中引用先后編號而按作者姓氏的字母順序排列而出版年份緊跟在姓名之后。例:
文章正文:The capillary tube is used in such appli-ances ashousehold refrigerauorssmall freezers and roomair conditionersusually up to three ton system[1].Cen-tral air conditioning systems insmall residencesmall ice-making machins and small beverage cooler also use thecapillary tube.It is not practicle in large commercial-systems because of its lack of sensitivity to loadchanges。
如上所述我們把參考的文獻按照作者的姓氏的字母排序寫在下面:REFERENCES1.AlthouseA.D(1978)Modern Refrigeration andAir Conditioning.In Michael Wallaceet al.(eds)New Developments in Ari-coditioning.Cambridge University Press2.BlackMax(1976)Selected Writings of MaxBlack in Modern Air-conditioning Engineering(ed.David G.Mandelbaum).Oxford University Press3.NelsonC.W(1972a)Principles of Refriger-stion.New York:McGra-wHill(1972)Commercialand Industrial Refrigeration.In ScienceMay1972PP.52～68(1972b)ibidPP.72～74注意:(1)若文章選自一本論文集則先寫作者姓名、篇目然后另起一句注明該文集的編輯者姓名及文集名稱。如不另起一句中間要用逗號。ededs分別為editor和editors的縮寫。(2)作者姓名和書名一般不用逗號隔開。而書名和出版社之間用句號分開。每條書目的最后用逗號也可不用。(3)出版年份指的是所引出書籍或文章的印刷年份不是第一版的出版年份。(4)P、PP分別是page和pages的縮寫ibid意為“同上”。(5)若論文多次引出同一篇文章則可以引文后面寫上作者的姓名和文章、書籍的出版年份并注上頁次前后用括號括上如(Nelson1972P.123)。如果出現引用同一作者同一年份的幾本著作要在印刷年份加上ab… 以示區別如(Nels on1972aP.123)(Nelson1972bPP.52～68)。
9、APPENDIX附錄、補遺
這一項包括LIST OF SYMBOLS AND DEFINI-TIONS(符號及定義表)NOME NCLATURE(技術術語表)等。如何用英語撰寫醫學論文筆者認為對很多作者來說耗時最多的工作不是本文所談及的而應是扎扎實實地搞好平時的英語學習和閱讀;加強文學修養及本專業知識的學習、提高和更新等。如果做好這些工作用英語撰寫醫學論文并且撰寫較高水平論文的問題便會迎刃而解
